Contents

Delay-Resolved Elastochemical Susceptibility Mapping of Communication-Induced Oscillations in Responsive Hydrogel Colloid Monolayers

T. Layne1, W. Kim2
1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
2Materials Research Laboratory and Materials Science Department, University of Illinois, 104 South Goodwin, Urbana, Illinois 61801
T. Layne
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
W. Kim
Materials Research Laboratory and Materials Science Department, University of Illinois, 104 South Goodwin, Urbana, Illinois 61801

Abstract

Chemically communicating hydrogel colloids provide a responsive soft-material system in which chemical transformation, diffusive signaling, particle-volume variation, and elastic packing are tightly coupled processes. The materials challenge that remains to be resolved is how a monostable colloid, without needing a chemical clock within each individual particle, enters oscillatory or wave states after being embedded in a communicating layer. The present work enhances that challenge by introducing a delay-resolved elastochemical susceptibility approach to the two-dimensional assembly of hydrogels. The approach employs the normalized density range \(\rho\sigma_0^2\approx0.01\)\(3.0\), the communication coordinate \(\widehat{m}=m/(q\sigma_0/c_c)\approx0\)\(20\), the instantaneous diameter \(\sigma_i\), the internal proton concentration \(c_i\), the Yukawa neighbour field \(Y_{ji}\), the Hertzian contact, and Brownian dynamics to differentiate chemical stimulation from packing interactions. In particular, the lagged correlation between previously encountered and currently experienced chemical fields provides the primary test for chemical stimulation. A negative delayed susceptibility implies that shrinkage follows chemical exposure; the evaluation of communication strength, antiphase scoring, spectral neighbor depth, and finite wavenumber/frequency reveals whether the localized delayed susceptibility generates a dynamic fluctuation regime, an antiphase shell limit state, a propagating cluster wave, or a mechanically trapped active solid. The conclusion drawn from this analysis is that communication alone is insufficient to generate oscillations: all four conditions need to be met simultaneously. It thus becomes clear that the density–communication phase diagram must be interpreted differently, as a design parameter for soft colloidal materials in which the collective response arises endogenously from chemical and mechanical coupling.

Keywords: responsive hydrogel colloids, active soft matter, chemical communication, chemo-mechanical coupling, Brownian dynamics, delay susceptibility, cluster waves, new technology materials
Copyright © 2025 T. Layne, W. Kim. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.