Contents

Reliability-Corrected Green Suitability Mapping for Materials-Enabled Microextraction of Veterinary Antibiotics in Environmental Water

Ioanna Kakoulli
Yumin Du

Abstract

The environmental surveillance of veterinary antibiotics goes beyond the sensitive response of a chromatographic method, but also involves the logical integration of validation behavior, material-friendly sample preparation, and laboratory application possibilities. In this paper, we describe the Reliability-Corrected Green Suitability Mapping (RCGSM) of six veterinary antibiotics in environmental waters: trimethoprim, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, chlortetracycline, and doxycycline. The key research question explored herein is whether validation properties and green and practical features can be harmonized into a decision hierarchy that would discriminate the analytical readiness of each analyte from the overall greenness of the procedure. The former one is expressed by the Validation Readiness Score (VRS) derived from linear range, detection limit, quantitation limit, recovery, and precision; the latter one by the Operational Green Index (OGI) defined in terms of extraction time, sample consumption, detection period, recovery period, eco-scale, AGREE, and BAGI. The highest VRS corresponds to oxytetracycline (0.890), followed by trimethoprim (0.690), sulfamethoxazole (0.683), tetracycline (0.650), doxycycline (0.385), and chlortetracycline (0.278). The combination of \(\mu\)SPEed and UPLC-PDA analysis delivers the maximal OGI score of 0.878. It is due to the combined presence of several key properties: simultaneous detection of six analytes, fast extraction, small amount of sample required, and good eco-sustainability. Therefore, the answer to the research question formulated is yes, yet the hierarchy constructed remains analyte-dependent. Thus, it is possible to report results with confidence for OTC and TMP, with caution regarding recovery for SMX and TC, and with reservation for DC and CTC at the quantification limit.

Keywords: veterinary antibiotics, environmental water, green analytical chemistry, microextraction, UPLC-PDA, analytical validation, materials-enabled sample preparation
Copyright © 2025 Ioanna Kakoulli, Yumin Du. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.